Nobel prize winners 2015

List of Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates receive a gold medal
together with a diploma and (as of
2012) 8 million SEK (roughly US$1.2
million, €0.93 million).
Nobel laureates of 2012 Alvin E. Roth ,
Brian Kobilka , Robert J. Lefkowitz ,
David J. Wineland , and Serge Haroche
during the ceremony
The Nobel Prizes ( Swedish : Nobelpriset , Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , the Swedish Academy , the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian
Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of
chemistry , physics , literature , peace , and physiology or medicine . [1] They were established by the 1895
will of Alfred Nobel , which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation .
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the
central bank of Sweden , for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or "laureate",
receives a gold medal, a diploma , and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation,
yearly. [2]
Prize
Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the
Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or
Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. [3] Each recipient receives a
medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years. [2] In 1901, the recipients
of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In
2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. [4] The awards are presented in
Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. [5]
In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the
prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize. [6] The Nobel Prize was not
awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II . [7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were
awarded 555 times to 863 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than
once, this makes a total of 835 individuals and 21 organizations. Four Nobel laureates were not permitted
by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn
(Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine,
1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris
Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature,
1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all
official honors, and Lê declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time.
Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red
Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other. [8] UNHCR has been
awarded twice with Nobel Peace Prize. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen
twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger . Two laureates have been awarded twice but
not on the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace).
Among the 826 Nobel laureates, 43 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was
Marie Curie , who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. [9] She was also the first person (male or
female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in
1911. [8]
List of laureates
Year Physics Chemistry Physiology
or Medicine Literature
1901 Röntgen, Wilhelm Wilhelm
Röntgen
Hoff, Jacobus Henricus
van 't Jacobus Henricus
van 't Hoff
von Behring, Emil
Adolf Emil Adolf von
Behring
Prudhomme, SullyS
Prudhomme
1902
Lorentz, Hendrik Hendrik
Lorentz ;
Zeeman, PieterPieter
Zeeman
Fischer, Hermann
Emil Hermann Emil
Fischer
Ross, Ronald Ronald
Ross
Mommsen,
Theodor Theodor
Mommsen
1903
Becquerel, HenriHenri
Becquerel;
Curie, Pierre Pierre Curie ;
Curie, Marie Marie Curie
Arrhenius, SvanteSvante
Arrhenius
Finsen, Niels
Ryberg Niels Ryberg
Finsen
Bjørnson,
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnstj
Bjørnson
1904 Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh Ramsay, William William
Ramsay
Pavlov, Ivan Ivan
Pavlov
Mistral, FrédéricFré
Mistral;
Echegaray, JoséJos
Echegaray
1905 Lenard, Philipp Philipp Lenard Baeyer, Adolf vonAdolf
von Baeyer
Koch, Robert Robert
Koch
Sienkiewicz,
Henryk Henryk
Sienkiewicz
1906 Thomson, J. J. J. J. Thomson Moissan, HenriHenri
Moissan
Golgi,
Camillo Camillo
Golgi ;
Ramón y Cajal,
Santiago Santiago
Ramón y Cajal
Carducci, Giosuè Gi
Carducci
1907
Michelson, Albert
Abraham Albert Abraham
Michelson
Buchner, Eduard Eduard
Buchner
Laveran, Charles
Louis
Alphonse Charles
Louis Alphonse
Laveran
Kipling, Rudyard Ru
Kipling
1908 Lippmann, GabrielGabriel
Lippmann
Rutherford, Ernest Ernest
Rutherford
Metchnikoff,
Élie Élie
Metchnikoff ;
Ehrlich, PaulPaul
Ehrlich
Eucken, Rudolf
ChristophRudolf Ch
Eucken
1909
Braun, Karl Ferdinand Karl
Ferdinand Braun ;
Marconi, Guglielmo Guglielmo
Marconi
Ostwald, Wilhelm Wilhelm
Ostwald
Kocher, Emil
Theodor Emil
Theodor Kocher
Lagerlöf, SelmaSel
Lagerlöf
1910
Waals, Johannes Diderik van
der Johannes Diderik van der
Waals
Wallach, Otto Otto
Wallach
Kossel,
Albrecht Albrecht
Kossel
Heyse, PaulPaul He
1911 Wien, Wilhelm Wilhelm Wien Curie, Marie Marie Curie
Gullstrand,
Allvar Allvar
Gullstrand
Maeterlinck,
Maurice Maurice
Maeterlinck
1912 Dalén, GustafGustaf Dalén
Grignard, VictorVictor
Grignard ;
Sabatier, PaulPaul
Sabatier
Carrel, AlexisAlexis
Carrel
Hauptmann,
Gerhart Gerhart
Hauptmann
1913
Kamerlingh Onnes,
HeikeHeike Kamerlingh
Onnes
Werner, Alfred Alfred
Werner
Richet,
Charles Charles
Richet
Tagore,
RabindranathRabind
Tagore
1914 von Laue, MaxMax von Laue
Richards, Theodore
William Theodore William
Richards
Bárány,
Robert Robert
Bárány
None
1915
Bragg, William Henry William
Henry Bragg ;
Bragg, William
LawrenceWilliam Lawrence
Bragg
Willstätter,
Richard Richard Willstätter None Rolland, Romain Ro
Rolland
1916 None None None
Heidenstam, Verner
vonVerner von
Heidenstam
1917 Barkla, Charles
Glover Charles Glover Barkla None None
Gjellerup, Karl Adol
Adolph Gjellerup;
Pontoppidan,
Henrik Henrik Ponto
1918 Planck, MaxMax Planck Haber, FritzFritz Haber None None
1919 Stark, Johannes Johannes
Stark None Bordet, JulesJules
Bordet
Spitteler, Carl Carl
Spitteler
1920
Guillaume, Charles
Édouard Charles Édouard
Guillaume
Nernst, Walther Walther
Nernst
Krogh,
August August
Krogh
Hamsun, Knut Knut
Hamsun
1921 Einstein, Albert Albert
Einstein
Soddy, Frederick Frederick
Soddy None France, Anatole Ana
France
1922 Bohr, Niels Niels Bohr
Aston, Francis
William Francis William
Aston
Hill,
Archibald Archibald
Hill ;
Meyerhof, Otto
Fritz Otto Fritz
Meyerhof
Benavente,
JacintoJacinto Ben
1923
Millikan, Robert
Andrews Robert Andrews
Millikan
Pregl, Fritz Fritz Pregl
Banting,
Frederick Frederick
Banting ;
Macleod, John
James RickardJohn
James Rickard
Macleod
Yeats, W. B. W. B.
1924 Siegbahn, Manne Manne
Siegbahn None Einthoven,
Willem Willem
Einthoven
Reymont,
Władysław Władysła
Reymont
1925
Franck, James James
Franck ;
Hertz, Gustav LudwigGustav
Ludwig Hertz
Zsigmondy, Richard
Adolf Richard Adolf
Zsigmondy
None
Shaw, George
Bernard George Ber
Shaw
1926 Perrin, Jean BaptisteJean
Baptiste Perrin
Svedberg,
Theodor Theodor
Svedberg
Fibiger,
Johannes Johannes
Fibiger
Deledda, Grazia Gra
Deledda
1927
Compton, ArthurArthur
Compton ;
Wilson, Charles Thomson
Rees Charles Thomson Rees
Wilson
Wieland, Heinrich
Otto Heinrich Otto Wieland
Wagner-Jauregg,
Julius Julius
Wagner-Jauregg
Bergson, HenriHenri
Bergson
1928
Richardson, Owen
WillansOwen Willans
Richardson
Windaus, Adolf Otto
Reinhold Adolf Otto
Reinhold Windaus
Nicolle,
Charles Charles
Nicolle
Undset, SigridSigrid
Undset
1929 Broglie, Louis deLouis de
Broglie
Harden, ArthurArthur
Harden ;
von Euler-Chelpin,
Hans Hans von Euler-
Chelpin
Eijkman,
Christiaan Christiaan
Eijkman ;
Hopkins, Frederick
Gowland Frederick
Gowland Hopkins
Mann, ThomasTho
Mann
1930 Raman, C. V. C. V. Raman Fischer, HansHans
Fischer
Landsteiner,
Karl Karl
Landsteiner
Lewis, SinclairSincl
Lewis
1931 None
Bosch, Carl Carl Bosch;
Bergius, FriedrichFriedrich
Bergius
Warburg, Otto
Heinrich Otto
Heinrich Warburg
Karlfeldt, Erik Axel
Axel Karlfeldt
1932 Heisenberg, WernerWerner
Heisenberg
Langmuir, Irving Irving
Langmuir
Sherrington,
Charles
ScottCharles Scott
Sherrington;
Adrian, Edgar Edgar
Adrian
Galsworthy, JohnJo
Galsworthy
1933
Schrödinger, Erwin Erwin
Schrödinger ;
Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac
None
Morgan, Thomas
Hunt Thomas Hunt
Morgan
Bunin, Ivan Ivan Bun
1934 None Urey, HaroldHarold Urey
Whipple,
George George
Whipple ;
Minot,
George George
Minot ;
Murphy, William
P. William P.
Murphy
Pirandello, Luigi Lui
Pirandello
1935 Chadwick, James James
Chadwick
Joliot-Curie,
FrédéricFrédéric Joliot-
Curie ;
Joliot-Curie, IrèneIrène
Joliot-Curie
Spemann,
Hans Hans
Spemann
None
1936
Hess, Victor FrancisVictor
Francis Hess ;
Anderson, Carl David Carl
David Anderson
Debye, Peter Peter Debye
Dale, Henry
Hallett Henry Hallett
Dale;
Loewi, Otto Otto
Loewi
O'Neill, Eugene Eug
O'Neill
1937
Davisson, Clinton Clinton
Davisson ;
Thomson, George
Paget George Paget
Thomson
Haworth, Norman Norman
Haworth ;
Karrer, PaulPaul Karrer
Szent-Györgyi,
Albert Albert Szent-
Györgyi
du Gard, Roger
Martin Roger Martin
Gard
1938 Fermi, Enrico Enrico Fermi Kuhn, Richard Richard
Kuhn [A]
Heymans,
Corneille Corneille
Heymans
Buck, Pearl S. Pearl
Buck
1939 Lawrence, Ernest Ernest
Lawrence
Butenandt, Adolf Adolf
Butenandt ; [A]
Ružička, Leopold Leopold
Ružička
Domagk,
GerhardGerhard
Domagk [A]
Sillanpää, Frans
Eemil Frans Eemil
Sillanpää
1940 None None None None
1941 None None None None
1942 None None None None
1943 Stern, Otto Otto Stern Hevesy, George deGeorge
de Hevesy
Dam, Henrik Henrik
Dam ;
Doisy, Edward
Adelbert Edward
Adelbert Doisy
None
1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac Isidor Isaac
Rabi Hahn, Otto Otto Hahn
Erlanger,
Joseph Joseph
Erlanger ;
Gasser, Herbert
Spencer Herbert
Spencer Gasser
Jensen, Johannes
VilhelmJohannes Vi
Jensen
1945 Pauli, Wolfgang Wolfgang
Pauli
Virtanen, Artturi
IlmariArtturi Ilmari
Virtanen
Fleming,
Alexander Alexander
Fleming;
Chain, Ernst
Boris Ernst Boris
Chain ;
Florey,
Howard Howard
Florey
Mistral, GabrielaGa
Mistral
1946
Bridgman, Percy
WilliamsPercy Williams
Bridgman
Sumner, James B. James
B. Sumner ;
Northrop, John
Howard John Howard
Northrop ;
Stanley, Wendell
MeredithWendell Meredith
Stanley
Muller, Hermann
Joseph Hermann
Joseph Muller
Hesse, Hermann Her
Hesse
1947 Appleton, Edward
Victor Edward Victor Appleton
Robinson, RobertRobert
Robinson
Cori, Carl
Ferdinand Carl
Ferdinand Cori ;
Cori, Gerty Gerty
Cori ;
Houssay,
Bernardo Bernardo
Houssay
Gide, André André G
1948 Blackett, PatrickPatrick
Blackett
Tiselius, Arne Arne
Tiselius
Müller, Paul
Hermann Paul
Hermann Müller
Eliot, T. S. T. S. Elio
1949 Yukawa, HidekiHideki
Yukawa
Giauque, WilliamWilliam
Giauque
Hess, Walter
Rudolf Walter
Rudolf Hess ;
Moniz, António
Egas António Egas
Moniz
Faulkner, WilliamWil
Faulkner
1950 Powell, C. F. C. F. Powell Diels, Otto Otto Diels;
Alder, Kurt Kurt Alder
Hench, Philip
Showalter Philip
Showalter Hench ;
Kendall, Edward
Calvin Edward
Calvin Kendall;
Reichstein,
Tadeus Tadeus
Reichstein
Russell, BertrandBe
Russell
1951
Cockcroft, John John
Cockcroft;
Walton, Ernest Ernest Walton
McMillan, EdwinEdwin
McMillan ;
Seaborg, Glenn T. Glenn
T. Seaborg
Theiler, MaxMax
Theiler
Lagerkvist, Pär Pär
Lagerkvist
1952
Bloch, FelixFelix Bloch ;
Purcell, Edward Mills Edward
Mills Purcell
Martin, Archer John
PorterArcher John Porter
Martin ;
Synge, Richard Laurence
MillingtonRichard
Laurence Millington
Synge
Waksman,
Selman Selman
Waksman
Mauriac,
FrançoisFrançois M
1953 Zernike, FritsFrits Zernike
Staudinger,
Hermann Hermann
Staudinger
Krebs, Hans
Adolf Hans Adolf
Krebs ;
Lipmann, Fritz
Albert Fritz Albert
Lipmann
Churchill, WinstonW
Churchill
1954 Born, MaxMax Born ;
Bothe, Walther Walther Bothe
Pauling, LinusLinus
Pauling
Enders, John
FranklinJohn
Franklin Enders;
Robbins, Frederick
Chapman Frederick
Chapman Robbins;
Weller, Thomas
Huckle Thomas
Huckle Weller
Hemingway, Ernest
Hemingway
1955
Lamb, Willis Willis Lamb ;
Kusch, Polykarp Polykarp
Kusch
du Vigneaud,
Vincent Vincent du
Vigneaud
Theorell, Hugo Hugo
Theorell
Laxness, HalldórHal
Laxness
1956
Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Brattain, Walter
HouserWalter Houser
Brattain;
Shockley, William William
Shockley
Hinshelwood, Cyril
Norman Cyril Norman
Hinshelwood;
Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolay
Semyonov
Cournand, André
Frédéric André
Frédéric Cournand;
Forssmann,
WernerWerner
Forssmann ;
Richards, Dickinson
W. Dickinson W.
Richards
Jiménez, Juan
Ramón Juan Ramón
Jiménez
1957
Yang, Chen NingChen Ning
Yang ;
Lee, Tsung-Dao Tsung-Dao
Lee
Todd, The LordThe Lord
Todd
Bovet, DanielDaniel
Bovet
Camus, AlbertAlbert
Camus
1958
Cherenkov, Pavel Pavel
Cherenkov ;
Frank, IlyaIlya Frank;
Tamm, IgorIgor Tamm
Sanger,
Frederick Frederick
Sanger
Beadle, George
WellsGeorge Wells
Beadle ;
Tatum, Edward
Lawrie Edward
Lawrie Tatum ;
Lederberg,
Joshua Joshua
Lederberg
Pasternak, Boris Bor
Pasternak[C]
1959
Segrè, Emilio G. Emilio G.
Segrè ;
Chamberlain, OwenOwen
Chamberlain
Heyrovský,
Jaroslav Jaroslav
Heyrovský
Kornberg,
ArthurArthur
Kornberg ;
Ochoa,
Severo Severo
Ochoa
Quasimodo,
Salvatore Salvatore
Quasimodo
1960 Glaser, Donald A. Donald A.
Glaser Libby, Willard Willard Libby
Burnet, Frank
Macfarlane Frank
Macfarlane Burnet ;
Medawar,
Peter Peter
Medawar
Perse, Saint-John S
John Perse
1961
Hofstadter, Robert Robert
Hofstadter;
Mössbauer, Rudolf Rudolf
Mössbauer
Calvin, Melvin Melvin
Calvin
von Békésy,
Georg Georg von
Békésy
Andrić, Ivo Ivo Andri
1962 Landau, LevLev Landau
Perutz, MaxMax Perutz;
Kendrew, John John
Kendrew
Crick,
Francis Francis
Crick ;
Watson, James
D. James D.
Watson ;
Wilkins,
Maurice Maurice
Wilkins
Steinbeck, John Joh
Steinbeck
1963
Wigner, EugeneEugene
Wigner ;
Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria
Goeppert-Mayer ;
Jensen, J. Hans D. J. Hans
D. Jensen
Ziegler, Karl Karl Ziegler;
Natta, GiulioGiulio Natta
Eccles, John John
Eccles ;
Hodgkin, Alan
LloydAlan Lloyd
Hodgkin ;
Huxley,
Andrew Andrew
Huxley
Seferis, Giorgos Gio
Seferis
1964
Townes, Charles HardCharles
Hard Townes;
Basov, Nikolay Nikolay
Basov ;
Prokhorov,
Alexander Alexander
Prokhorov
Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy
Hodgkin
Bloch, Konrad
Emil Konrad Emil
Bloch ;
Lynen, Feodor Felix
KonradFeodor Felix
Konrad Lynen
Sartre, Jean-Paul Je
Paul Sartre [D]
1965
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro Sin-Itiro
Tomonaga ;
Schwinger, JulianJulian
Schwinger ;
Feynman, Richard Richard
Feynman
Woodward, Robert
Burns Robert Burns
Woodward
Jacob,
François François
Jacob ;
Lwoff, André
Michel André Michel
Lwoff ;
Monod,
Jacques Jacques
Monod
Sholokhov, Mikhail
Sholokhov
1966 Kastler, Alfred Alfred Kastler Mulliken, Robert S. Robert
S. Mulliken
Rous, Francis
Peyton Francis
Peyton Rous ;
Huggins, Charles
Brenton Charles
Brenton Huggins
Agnon, Shmuel
YosefShmuel Yosef
Agnon ;
Sachs, Nelly Nelly S
1967 Bethe, HansHans Bethe
Eigen, ManfredManfred
Eigen ;
Norrish, Ronald George
Wreyford Ronald George
Wreyford Norrish ;
Porter, George George
Porter
Granit,
RagnarRagnar
Granit ;
Hartline, Haldan
KefferHaldan Keffer
Hartline ;
Wald,
George George Wald
Asturias, Miguel
ÁngelMiguel Ángel
Asturias
1968 Alvarez, Luis Walter Luis
Walter Alvarez
Onsager, Lars Lars
Onsager
Holley, Robert
W. Robert W.
Holley;
Khorana, Har
Gobind Har Gobind
Khorana ;
Nirenberg, Marshall
WarrenMarshall
Warren Nirenberg
Kawabata,
YasunariYasunari
Kawabata
1969 Gell-Mann, Murray Murray
Gell-Mann
Barton, Derek Derek
Barton ;
Hassel, Odd Odd Hassel
Delbrück, MaxMax
Delbrück ;
Hershey,
Alfred Alfred
Hershey ;
Luria,
Salvador Salvador
Luria
Beckett, SamuelSa
Beckett
1970
Alfvén, Hannes Hannes
Alfvén ;
Néel, LouisLouis Néel
Leloir, Luis Federico Luis
Federico Leloir
Axelrod,
Julius Julius
Axelrod ;
von Euler, Ulf Ulf
von Euler;
Katz,
Bernard Bernard
Katz
Solzhenitsyn,
Aleksandr Aleksandr
Solzhenitsyn
1971 Gabor, Dennis Dennis Gabor Herzberg, GerhardGerhard
Herzberg
Sutherland, Jr., Earl
WilburEarl Wilbur
Sutherland, Jr.
Neruda, PabloPablo
Neruda
1972
Bardeen, JohnJohn Bardeen;
Cooper, Leon Leon Cooper;
Schrieffer, John Robert John
Robert Schrieffer
Anfinsen, Christian
B. Christian B. Anfinsen ;
Moore, Stanford Stanford
Moore ;
Stein, William
Howard William Howard
Stein
Edelman,
Gerald Gerald
Edelman ;
Porter, Rodney
Robert Rodney
Robert Porter
Böll, Heinrich Heinri
1973
Esaki, Leo Leo Esaki;
Giaever, Ivar Ivar Giaever ;
Josephson, Brian David Brian
David Josephson
Fischer, Ernst Otto Ernst
Otto Fischer;
Wilkinson,
Geoffrey Geoffrey
Wilkinson
von Frisch, Karl Karl
von Frisch;
Lorenz,
KonradKonrad
Lorenz ;
Tinbergen,
Nikolaas Nikolaas
Tinbergen
White, PatrickPatric
White
1974
Ryle, Martin Martin Ryle ;
Hewish, Antony Antony
Hewish
Flory, PaulPaul Flory
Claude, AlbertAlbert
Claude ;
de Duve,
ChristianChristian
de Duve ;
Palade, George
Emil George Emil
Palade
Johnson, EyvindEyv
Johnson ;
Martinson, Harry Ha
Martinson
1975
Bohr, AageAage Bohr ;
Mottelson, Ben Roy Ben Roy
Mottelson ;
Rainwater, JamesJames
Rainwater
Cornforth, John John
Cornforth ;
Prelog, Vladimir Vladimir
Prelog
Baltimore,
David David
Baltimore ;
Dulbecco,
RenatoRenato
Dulbecco ;
Temin, Howard
Martin Howard
Martin Temin
Montale, EugenioEu
Montale
1976
Richter, Burton Burton
Richter ;
Ting, Samuel C. C. Samuel C.
C. Ting
Lipscomb, William William
Lipscomb
Blumberg, Baruch
Samuel Baruch
Samuel Blumberg;
Gajdusek, Daniel
Carleton Daniel
Carleton Gajdusek
Bellow, Saul Saul Be
1977
Anderson, Philip
WarrenPhilip Warren
Anderson ;
Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill
Francis Mott ;
Van Vleck, John
HasbrouckJohn Hasbrouck
Van Vleck
Prigogine, IlyaIlya
Prigogine
Guillemin,
Roger Roger
Guillemin ;
Schally,
Andrew Andrew
Schally ;
Yalow, Rosalyn
Sussman Rosalyn
Sussman Yalow
Aleixandre,
Vicente Vicente
Aleixandre
1978
Kapitsa, PyotrPyotr Kapitsa;
Penzias, Arno Allan Arno
Allan Penzias ;
Wilson, Robert
WoodrowRobert Woodrow
Wilson
Mitchell, Peter D. Peter D.
Mitchell
Arber,
WernerWerner
Arber ;
Nathans,
DanielDaniel
Nathans ;
Smith, Hamilton
O. Hamilton O.
Smith
Singer, Isaac
Bashevis Isaac Bas
Singer
1979
Glashow, Sheldon
Lee Sheldon Lee Glashow ;
Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam;
Weinberg, Steven Steven
Weinberg
Brown, Herbert C. Herbert
C. Brown ;
Wittig, Georg Georg Wittig
Cormack, Allan
McLeodAllan
McLeod Cormack;
Hounsfield,
Godfrey Godfrey
Hounsfield
Elytis, Odysseas Od
Elytis
1980
Cronin, JamesJames Cronin ;
Fitch, Val LogsdonVal
Logsdon Fitch
Berg, PaulPaul Berg ;
Gilbert, Walter Walter
Gilbert ;
Sanger,
Frederick Frederick
Sanger
Benacerraf,
Baruj Baruj
Benacerraf ;
Dausset, Jean Jean
Dausset ;
Snell, George
Davis George Davis
Snell
Miłosz, Czesław Cze
Miłosz
1981
Bloembergen,
Nicolaas Nicolaas
Bloembergen ;
Schawlow, Arthur
Leonard Arthur Leonard
Schawlow;
Siegbahn, Kai Kai Siegbahn
Fukui, KenichiKenichi
Fukui ;
Hoffmann, RoaldRoald
Hoffmann
Sperry, Roger
Wolcott Roger
Wolcott Sperry ;
Hubel, David
H. David H. Hubel ;
Wiesel,
Torsten Torsten
Wiesel
Canetti, EliasElias
1982 Wilson, Kenneth G. Kenneth
G. Wilson Klug, Aaron Aaron Klug
Bergström,
Sune Sune
Bergström ;
Samuelsson, Bengt
I. Bengt I.
Samuelsson ;
Vane, John John
Vane
Márquez, Gabriel
GarcíaGabriel Garcí
Márquez
1983
Chandrasekhar,
Subrahmanyan Subrahmanyan
Chandrasekhar ;
Fowler, William AlfredWilliam
Alfred Fowler
Taube, Henry Henry Taube
McClintock,
Barbara Barbara
McClintock
Golding, William Will
Golding
1984
Rubbia, Carlo Carlo Rubbia ;
van der Meer, SimonSimon
van der Meer
Merrifield, Robert
Bruce Robert Bruce
Merrifield
Jerne, Niels
Kaj Niels Kaj Jerne ;
Köhler, Georges J.
F. Georges J. F.
Köhler ;
Milstein,
César César
Milstein
Seifert, Jaroslav Jar
Seifert
1985 von Klitzing, Klaus Klaus von
Klitzing
Hauptman, Herbert
A. Herbert A. Hauptman ;
Karle, Jerome Jerome
Karle
Brown, Michael
Stuart Michael
Stuart Brown;
Goldstein, Joseph
L. Joseph L.
Goldstein
Simon, Claude Claud
Simon
1986
Ruska, Ernst Ernst Ruska ;
Binnig, Gerd Gerd Binnig;
Rohrer, HeinrichHeinrich
Rohrer
Herschbach, Dudley
R. Dudley R. Herschbach ;
Lee, Yuan T. Yuan T. Lee ;
Polanyi, JohnJohn
Polanyi
Cohen,
Stanley Stanley
Cohen ;
Levi-Montalcini,
Rita Rita Levi-
Montalcini
Soyinka, WoleWole
Soyinka
1987
Bednorz, Johannes
Georg Johannes Georg
Bednorz ;
Müller, Karl Alexander Karl
Alexander Müller
Cram, Donald J. Donald J.
Cram;
Lehn, Jean-Marie Jean-
Marie Lehn ;
Pedersen, Charles
J. Charles J. Pedersen
Tonegawa,
Susumu Susumu
Tonegawa
Brodsky, Joseph Jos
Brodsky
1988
Lederman, Leon M. Leon M.
Lederman ;
Schwartz, MelvinMelvin
Schwartz ;
Steinberger, Jack Jack
Steinberger
Deisenhofer,
Johann Johann
Deisenhofer ;
Huber, Robert Robert
Huber ;
Michel, Hartmut Hartmut
Michel
Black, James
W. James W. Black ;
Elion, Gertrude
B. Gertrude B.
Elion ;
Hitchings, George
H. George H.
Hitchings
Mahfouz, Naguib Na
Mahfouz
1989
Ramsey, Jr., Norman
Foster Norman Foster
Ramsey, Jr. ;
Dehmelt, Hans Georg Hans
Georg Dehmelt;
Paul, Wolfgang Wolfgang Paul
Altman, Sidney Sidney
Altman;
Cech, ThomasThomas
Cech
Bishop, J.
Michael J. Michael
Bishop ;
Varmus, Harold
E. Harold E. Varmus
Cela, Camilo JoséC
José Cela
1990
Friedman, Jerome
Isaac Jerome Isaac
Friedman ;
Kendall, Henry Way Henry
Way Kendall;
Taylor, Richard E. Richard E.
Taylor
Corey, Elias James Elias
James Corey
Murray,
Joseph Joseph
Murray ;
Thomas, E.
Donnall E. Donnall
Thomas
Paz, Octavio Octavi
1991 Gennes, Pierre-Gilles
de Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
Ernst, Richard R. Richard
R. Ernst
Neher, Erwin Erwin
Neher ;
Sakmann, BertBert
Sakmann
Gordimer, Nadine N
Gordimer
1992 Charpak, GeorgesGeorges
Charpak
Marcus, Rudolph
A. Rudolph A. Marcus
Fischer, Edmond
H. Edmond H.
Fischer ;
Krebs, Edwin
G. Edwin G. Krebs
Walcott, DerekDere
Walcott
1993
Hulse, Russell AlanRussell
Alan Hulse;
Taylor, Jr., Joseph
Hooton Joseph Hooton
Taylor, Jr.
Mullis, KaryKary Mullis ;
Smith, Michael Michael
Smith
Roberts, Richard
J. Richard J.
Roberts ;
Sharp, Phillip
Allen Phillip Allen
Sharp
Morrison, Toni Toni
Morrison
1994
Brockhouse, BertramBertram
Brockhouse ;
Shull, Clifford Clifford Shull
Olah, George
Andrew George Andrew
Olah
Gilman, Alfred
G. Alfred G. Gilman ;
Rodbell,
Martin Martin
Rodbell
Ōe, KenzaburōKenz
Ōe
1995
Perl, Martin Lewis Martin
Lewis Perl ;
Reines, Frederick Frederick
Reines
Crutzen, Paul J. Paul J.
Crutzen ;
Molina, Mario J. Mario J.
Molina ;
Rowland, Frank
Sherwood Frank Sherwood
Rowland
Lewis, Edward
B. Edward B. Lewis ;
Nüsslein-Volhard,
Christiane Christiane
Nüsslein-Volhard ;
Wieschaus, Eric
F. Eric F.
Wieschaus
Heaney, SeamusSe
Heaney
1996
Lee, David David Lee;
Osheroff, DouglasDouglas
Osheroff ;
Richardson, Robert
Coleman Robert Coleman
Richardson
Curl Jr., Robert F. Robert
F. Curl Jr. ;
Kroto, Harry Harry Kroto;
Smalley, Richard Richard
Smalley
Doherty, Peter
C. Peter C. Doherty ;
Zinkernagel, Rolf
M. Rolf M.
Zinkernagel
Szymborska,
WisławaWisława
Szymborska
1997
Chu, StevenSteven Chu;
Cohen-Tannoudji,
Claude Claude Cohen-
Tannoudji;
Phillips, William
DanielWilliam Daniel Phillips
Boyer, Paul D. Paul D.
Boyer ;
Walker, John E. John E.
Walker ;
Skou, Jens ChristianJens
Christian Skou
Prusiner, Stanley
B. Stanley B.
Prusiner
Fo, Dario Dario Fo
1998
Laughlin, Robert B. Robert B.
Laughlin ;
Störmer, Horst LudwigHorst
Ludwig Störmer;
Tsui, Daniel C. Daniel C. Tsui
Kohn, Walter Walter Kohn;
Pople, JohnJohn Pople
Furchgott, Robert
F. Robert F.
Furchgott;
Ignarro, LouisLouis
Ignarro;
Murad, Ferid Ferid
Murad
Saramago, José Jos
Saramago
1999
Hooft, Gerard 't Gerard 't
Hooft ;
Veltman, Martinus J.
G. Martinus J. G. Veltman
Zewail, Ahmed Ahmed
Zewail
Blobel,
Günter Günter
Blobel
Grass, Günter Günte
Grass
2000
Alferov, Zhores Zhores
Alferov;
Kroemer, Herbert Herbert
Kroemer ;
Kilby, JackJack Kilby
Heeger, Alan J. Alan J.
Heeger ;
MacDiarmid, AlanAlan
MacDiarmid ;
Shirakawa, HidekiHideki
Shirakawa
Carlsson, ArvidArvid
Carlsson ;
Greengard,
PaulPaul
Greengard ;
Kandel, EricEric
Kandel
Xingjian, Gao Gao Xi
2001
Cornell, Eric Allin Eric Allin
Cornell ;
Ketterle, Wolfgang Wolfgang
Ketterle;
Wieman, Carl Carl Wieman
Knowles, William
Standish William Standish
Knowles ;
Noyori, RyōjiRyōji Noyori ;
Sharpless, Karl BarryKarl
Barry Sharpless
Hartwell, Leland
H. Leland H.
Hartwell ;
Hunt, Tim Tim Hunt;
Nurse, PaulPaul
Nurse
Naipaul, V. S. V. S.
Naipaul
2002
Davis, Jr., Raymond Raymond
Davis, Jr. ;
Koshiba,
Masatoshi Masatoshi
Koshiba;
Giacconi, RiccardoRiccardo
Giacconi
Fenn, John John Fenn ;
Tanaka, KoichiKoichi
Tanaka ;
Wüthrich, Kurt Kurt
Wüthrich
Brenner,
Sydney Sydney
Brenner ;
Horvitz, H.
Robert H. Robert
Horvitz;
Sulston, John John
Sulston
Kertész, ImreImre
Kertész
2003
Abrikosov, Alexei
Alexeyevich Alexei
Alexeyevich Abrikosov;
Ginzburg, Vitaly Vitaly
Ginzburg;
Leggett, Anthony
James Anthony James
Leggett
Agre, PeterPeter Agre ;
MacKinnon,
Roderick Roderick
MacKinnon
Lauterbur, PaulPaul
Lauterbur ;
Mansfield,
Peter Peter
Mansfield
Coetzee, J. M. J. M.
Coetzee
2004
Gross, David David Gross ;
Politzer, Hugh David Hugh
David Politzer ;
Wilczek, FrankFrank Wilczek
Ciechanover, Aaron Aaron
Ciechanover;
Hershko, Avram Avram
Hershko ;
Rose, Irwin Irwin Rose
Axel,
Richard Richard
Axel ;
Buck, Linda
B. Linda B. Buck
Jelinek, Elfriede Elfri
Jelinek
2005
Glauber, Roy J. Roy J.
Glauber ;
Hall, John L. John L. Hall;
Hänsch, Theodor W. Theodor
W. Hänsch
Chauvin, Yves Yves
Chauvin;
Grubbs, Robert H. Robert
H. Grubbs;
Schrock, Richard
R. Richard R. Schrock
Marshall,
BarryBarry
Marshall ;
Warren, RobinRobin
Warren
Pinter, HaroldHarol
Pinter
2006
Mather, John C. John C.
Mather;
Smoot, GeorgeGeorge Smoot
Kornberg, Roger D. Roger
D. Kornberg
Fire,
Andrew Andrew
Fire ;
Mello, Craig Craig
Mello
Pamuk, OrhanOrhan
Pamuk
2007
Fert, AlbertAlbert Fert ;
Grünberg, PeterPeter
Grünberg
Ertl, GerhardGerhard Ertl
Capecchi,
Mario Mario
Capecchi ;
Evans,
Martin Martin
Evans ;
Smithies,
Oliver Oliver
Smithies
Lessing, DorisDoris
Lessing
2008
Nambu, Yoichiro Yoichiro
Nambu;
Kobayashi, MakotoMakoto
Kobayashi ;
Maskawa,
Toshihide Toshihide Maskawa
Shimomura,
Osamu Osamu
Shimomura ;
Chalfie, Martin Martin
Chalfie ;
Tsien, Roger Y. Roger Y.
Tsien
zur Hausen,
Harald Harald zur
Hausen ;
Barré-Sinoussi,
Françoise Françoise
Barré-Sinoussi ;
Montagnier, Luc Luc
Montagnier
Le Clézio, J. M. G. J
G. Le Clézio
2009
Kao, Charles K. Charles K.
Kao;
Boyle, Willard S. Willard S.
Boyle ;
Smith, George E. George E.
Smith
Ramakrishnan,
VenkatramanVenkatraman
Ramakrishnan;
Steitz, Thomas A. Thomas
A. Steitz ;
Yonath, Ada Ada Yonath
Blackburn,
Elizabeth Elizabeth
Blackburn ;
Greider, Carol
W. Carol W. Greider ;
Szostak, Jack
W. Jack W. Szostak
Müller, Herta Herta
2010
Geim, Andre Andre Geim ;
Novoselov,
Konstantin Konstantin
Novoselov
Heck, Richard F. Richard
F. Heck;
Negishi, Ei-ichi Ei-ichi
Negishi;
Suzuki, AkiraAkira Suzuki
Edwards, Robert
G. Robert G.
Edwards
Vargas Llosa, Mario
Vargas Llosa
2011
Perlmutter, Saul Saul
Perlmutter;
Riess, Adam G. Adam G.
Riess ;
Schmidt, Brian Brian Schmidt
Shechtman, DanDan
Shechtman
Beutler,
Bruce Bruce
Beutler ;
Hoffmann, Jules
A. Jules A.
Hoffmann ;
Steinman, Ralph
M. Ralph M.
Steinman
Tranströmer,
Tomas Tomas
Tranströmer
2012
Haroche, Serge Serge
Haroche ;
J. Wineland, David David J.
Wineland
Kobilka, Brian K. Brian K.
Kobilka ;
Lefkowitz, Robert
J. Robert J. Lefkowitz
Gurdon, John
B. John B. Gurdon;
Yamanaka, Shinya
Shinya Yamanaka
Yan, Mo Mo Yan
2013
Englert, François François
Englert;
Higgs, Peter W. Peter W.
Higgs
Karplus, Martin Martin
Karplus ;
Levitt, Michael Michael
Levitt;
Warshel, Arieh Arieh
Warshel
Rothman, James
E. James E.
Rothman ;
Schekman, Randy
W. Randy W.
Schekman ;
Südhof, Thomas
C. Thomas C.
Südhof
Munro, Alice Alice
2014
Akasaki, Isamu Isamu
Akasaki ;
Amano, Hiroshi Hiroshi
Amano ;
Nakamura, Shuji Shuji
Nakamura
Betzig, EricEric Betzig;
Hell, StefanStefan Hell ;
Moerner, WilliamWilliam
Moerner
O'Keefe, John John
O'Keefe ;
Moser, May-
Britt May-Britt
Moser;
Moser,
Edvard Edvard
Moser
Modiano, PatrickPa
Modiano
2015
Kajita, Takaaki Takaaki
Kajita ;
McDonald, Arthur B. Arthur B.
McDonald
Lindahl, Tomas Tomas
Lindahl ;
Modrich, Paul L. Paul L.
Modrich ;
Sancar, Aziz Aziz Sancar
Campbell, William
C. William C.
Campbell ;
Ōmura,
Satoshi Satoshi
Ōmura ;
Youyou, Tu Tu
Youyou
Alexievich,
SvetlanaSvetlana
Alexievich
Year Physics Chemistry Physiology
or Medicine Literature
Notes
A In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel nominees to
accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf
Butenandt , Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk , Nobel laureate in Physiology or
Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money. [8]
B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that
it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , however, due to his assassination earlier
that year, it was left unassigned in his honor. [10]
C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was
forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature. [8]
D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently
refused all official honors in the past. [8]
E In 1973, Lê Ðức Thọ declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve
it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War ),
there had been no actual peace agreement. [7][8]
F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to 11 years
of imprisonment by the Chinese authorities. [11]